Neste estudo objetivou-se identificar comprimentos de onda e faixas espectrais provenientes de reflectâncias hiper e multiespectrais utilizando regressão PLS e promover avaliação comparativa desses métodos e de dez índices de vegetação, para determinar aqueles que melhor estimam níveis de severidade de mofo-branco em feijão. Foram implantados experimentos nos municípios de Viçosa e de Oratórios, estado de Minas Gerais. Reflectâncias hiperespectrais foram obtidas com espectroradiômetro cuja faixa útil de leitura adotada foi entre 440 e 900 nm. Reflectâncias multiespectrais foram obtidas de imagens de câmara constituídas de cinco bandas (vermelho, verde, azul, Red-edge e infravermelho). Os índices de severidade da doença foram baixos; em Viçosa a média foi de 5,8% e em Oratórios, 7,4%. Modelos matemáticos utilizando reflectâncias hiperespectrais tiveram melhor desempenho para estimar mofo-branco; a banda do red-edge apresentou os comprimentos de onda que melhor estimam a severidade do mofo-branco. Índices de vegetação resistentes a efeitos da reflectância de solo estimaram melhor o mofo-branco do que os demais índices.

This study aimed to identify wavelengths and spectral ranges from hyper and multispectral reflectance using PLS regression; and to promote comparative evaluation of these methods and ten vegetation indices to determine those that best estimate levels of white mold severity in common beans. Experiments were implemented in the municipalities of Viçosa and Oratorios, Minas Gerais state. Hyperspectral reflectance measurements were acquired with the spectroradiometer, whose useful reading range was between 440 and 900 nm. Multispectral reflectance measurements were obtained from camera images comprising five bands (red, green, blue, red-edge and infrared). The indexes of disease severity were low. In Viçosa the average was 5.8% and in Oratorios, 7.4%. Mathematical models using hyperspectral reflectance performed better for estimating white mold. The red-edge band presented the wavelengths that best estimate the severity of white mold. Vegetation index resistant to the soil reflectance effects was better to estimate white mold than the other indices.

The usefulness of sclerotia morphology traits and mycelial growth rate to infer phenotypic variability in populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum associated with common beans in Minas Gerais State (MG) was assessed in two experiments. Isolates (131) were collected in the Northwestern, Alto Paranaíba, Zona da Mata and Southern regions of MG and the mycelial growth rate, the number, weight and dimensions (length, width and thickness) of sclerotia and mycelial pigmentation were assessed. There was a high variability among isolates, even among colonies of the same isolate. The variance of the first experiment for the mycelial growth rate, number, weight, length, width and thickness of sclerotia, were 0.01, 190.15, 0.01, 0.62, 0.12 and 0.05, whereas in the second, the variances were 0.01, 28.48, 0.002, 0.18, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. Most correlations between traits were of low magnitude except that between length and width (r = 0.84, 'P < 0.001). Regarding colony pigmentation, non-pigmented, pigmented and highly pigmented isolates were identified, but for most isolates this characteristic varied between experiments. No groups based on phenotypic traits were detected. The morphological traits evaluated in the present study are not suitable for characterization of populations of S. sclerotiorum.

This review deals with the phenomenon of plant disease interactions. The epidemiological implications of foliar diseases occurring simultaneously on the same crop are important because the establishment of disease management strategies depends on the knowledge of disease interactions. We discuss some concepts and the terminology related to the interaction studies and present related examples with special emphasis on interacting wheat diseases.

The objective of this study was to understand the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop) in bean cultivars classified as resistant (Manteigão Fosco 11), intermediate (VP8) and susceptible (Meia Noite). Plants of the three cultivars were inoculated at 10 days after emergence with a suspension of 1×10(6) conidia of Fop per mL. At 43 days after the inoculation, stem segments were observed with a scanner electronic microscope. The cultivars Manteigão Fosco 11 and VP8 presented an occluding material in the xylem vessels, which may have restricted tissue colonization by Fop. The resistance of bean cultivars to Fop seemed also to be explained by structural differences in the xylem tissue.

Fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsp) is widely distributed in Latin America. Experiments involving artificial inoculations could be better compared whether the number of Fsp infective propagules is well quantified by using chlamydospores. This study aimed to define the adequate concentration of chlamydospores of Fsp for assessment of the disease severity under controlled conditions. In greenhouse, two experiments were performed, where common bean susceptible genotypes were sown in a substrate infested with 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or 6000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate. Plants were rated for disease severity at 30 d after emergence. Linear response plateau was used to represent the relationship between disease severity and concentration of chlamydospores in the substrate. According to our results, concentrations between 4500 and 5000 chlamydospores g-1 of substrate maximizes the disease severity and can be recommended to evaluate large-scale screenings of bean germplasm.

Fusarium root rot (FRR) is a distributed disease of common beans in Brazil. Our main aim was to verify if there are genotypes, mainly advanced lines from the common bean breeding program with levels of resistance to FRR similar to those of the line A-300. We also compared three developmental stages for FRR assessment. Genotypes of six classes were evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. In greenhouse, substrate was infested with chlamydospores. In field, genotypes were screened in area infested with Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli. Plants were rated for disease at V3, R5 and R7 stages. Correlation among area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in greenhouse and in the field experiments was significant. Genotypes were ranked into four groups based on AUDPC. Sixteen advanced lines were as resistant to FRR as A-300. Correlation between the disease rating at R5 stages and AUDPC was higher than those among AUDPC and either disease rating at V3 or R7 in all experiments. Our results indicate that there are advanced lines with levels of FRR resistance similar to those of A-300 and that the FRR assessment at the R5 stage is more appropriated than at either V3 or R7.

O mofo-branco é doença que limita a produtividade no outono-inverno no Sudeste do Brasil, quando feijoeiros irrigados do tipo III são geralmente semeados no espaçamento entre fileiras (EEF) de 0,5 m com 10 a 12 plantas por metro. O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da combinação de EEF largo, densidade de plantas (DP) baixa, com ou sem fungicida, no manejo da doença. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no fatorial 2³: EEF (0,50 ou 0,75 m), DP (6 ou 12 plantas por metro) e fungicida (com ou sem). Dois ensaios foram conduzidos, em Viçosa, MG. Em 2002, a incidência média do mofo-branco foi de 43,2%, a severidade de 31,1% e a produtividade de 2513 kg ha-1. Em 2003, os valores dessas variáveis foram: 48,0%, 22,6% e 2159 kg ha-1, respectivamente. As interações que envolveram EEF e DP não foram significativas em relação à intensidade da doença e à produtividade na análise combinada dos anos. EEF largo reduziu a intensidade do mofo-branco em 2002. DP baixa reduziu a incidência em 2002 e não influenciou a produtividade na análise combinada. Nas parcelas com fungicida, EEF largo diminuiu a produtividade em 2002, mas EEF não influenciou a produtividade em 2003. Nas parcelas sem fungicida, EEF não influenciou a produtividade nos dois anos. Concluímos que a combinação de EEF largo e DP baixa é uma estratégia promissora para o manejo do mofo-branco quando não se aplica fungicida. Quando se aplica fungicida, o espaçamento entre fileiras normalmente usado (0.50 m) associado a DP baixa maximiza a produtividade.

White mold is a yield-limiting disease during the fall-winter season in southeastern Brazil when irrigated type III common beans are generally sown 0.5 m apart with 10 to 12 plants per meter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of combining increased row width (RW) and reduced planting density (PD), with or without fungicide, for white mold management. Treatments were arranged as a 2³ factorial: RW (0.50 or 0.75 m), PD (6 or 12 plants per meter), and fungicide (sprayed or unsprayed). Two trials were conducted in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais. In 2002, the average incidence of white mold was 43.2%, the severity index, 31.1%, and the yield, 2513 kg ha-1. In 2003, the values of these variables were 48.0%, 22.6%, and 2159 kg ha-1, respectively. Interactions involving both RW and PD were not significant for either disease intensity or yield in the combined analysis across years. Increasing RW led to reduction in white mold intensity in 2002. The lower PD reduced disease incidence in 2002 and did not affect yield in the combined analysis. In fungicide sprayed plots, wide RW decreased yield in 2002, but RW did not affect yield in 2003. In unsprayed plots, RW did not affect yield in both years. We conclude that increasing RW to 0.75 m combined with low PD is a promising strategy for white mold management when fungicide is not applied. When fungicide is applied, the current row width (0.50 m) combined with low PD maximize the yield.

Foi conduzido um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de quatro volumes de água (0, 30%, 60% e 90%, v/p) adicionados a grãos de arroz previamente embebidos em água por 24 horas antes de eles serem autoclavados e colonizados por Rhizoctonia solani sobre o desenvolvimento da podridão-radicular de feijão, cv. 'Dufrix'. Grãos de arroz colonizados e não colonizados foram misturados em vasos contendo substrato de solo e areia (2:1), com posterior semeadura de feijão. Baseados nos resultados de área abaixo da curva de emergência das plantas, altura das plantas, massa de plantas secas e severidade da doença, conclui-se que o inóculo é mais eficiente em causar doença quando não se adiciona água aos grãos de arroz antes de eles serem autoclavados.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects on the development of root rot on common bean, cv. 'Dufrix' after treatment with four volumes of water (0, 30%, 60%, and 90%, v/w) added to rice grains previously immersed in water for 24 hours before autoclaving and colonization of grains by Rhizoctoniasolani AG-4. Colonized rice grains and non-infested rice grains were mixed in pots with sterilized soil and sand (2:1), where beans were sown. Based on results of area under plant emergence curve, plant height, plant dry weight, and disease severity, we conclude that inoculum is more effective in causing disease when no water is added to the rice grains before autoclaving.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de fungicidas aplicados via água de irrigação sobre as plantas ou apenas no solo no controle do mofo-branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris). Dois experimentos foram instalados em abril de 1998 e de 1999, em Viçosa, MG. Os experimentos foram conduzidos num fatorial (2 x 3) + 1: dois fungicidas x três modos de aplicação + uma testemunha sem fungicida. Os fungicidas foram benomyl (1,0 kg ha-1) e fluazinam (0,5 l ha-1). Os três modos de aplicação foram: (a) com pulverizador costal (667 l ha-1), (b) com regador, simulando irrigação por aspersão com 35.000 l ha-1 de água, e (c) com regador, aplicando-se a água (35.000 l ha-1) entre as fileiras do feijoeiro e rente ao solo. Em 1998, os fungicidas foram aplicados aos 43 e 54 dias após a emergência (DAE); em 1999, aos 47 e 61 DAE. Ambos os fungicidas foram eficientes no controle do mofo-branco quando aplicados pela água de irrigação sobre as plantas ou por pulverizador, resultando em aumento de produtividade de 21%. Apenas fluazinam proporcionou controle da doença quando as aplicações foram feitas no solo. A quimigação proporcionou controle do mofo-branco semelhante ao obtido com o pulverizador em relação à incidência, à severidade e ao número de vagens doentes. Conseqüentemente, os rendimentos de feijão alcançados com os dois métodos de aplicação foram semelhantes.

The effectiveness of fungicides in controlling white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was evaluated when they were applied through irrigation water directly onto the plants or only to the soil. Two field trials were installed in April 1998 and April 1999 in Viçosa, MG. Trials were conducted as a (2 x 3) + 1 factorial: two fungicides x three application modes + one untreated control. The fungicides were benomyl (1.0 kg a.i. ha-1) and fluazinam (0.5 l a.i. ha-1). The three application modes were: (a) by backpack sprayer (667 l ha-1), (b) by garden watering-cans simulating sprinkler irrigation with 35,000 l ha-1 of water, and (c) by garden watering-cans applying water between the rows and near the soil surface in 35,000 l ha-1 of water. In 1998, fungicides were applied at 43 and 54 days after emergence (DAE); in 1999, at 47 and 61 DAE. Both fungicides were similarly effective on white mold control when applied by either chemigation or backpack sprayer, resulting in yields 21% higher than untreated control. Only fluazinam provided disease control when applications were made only in soil. Chemigation provided white mold control equivalent to that of backpack sprayer in terms of incidence, severity and number of diseased pods. Consequently, yield differences between these application methods were not significant.

Foi instalado um experimento em Viçosa, MG, em 11 de abril, em área infestada por escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de quatro fungicidas aplicados via água de irrigação por aspersão no controle do mofo-branco do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris). Os seguintes fungicidas e doses do ingrediente ativo por hectare foram testados: benomyl (1 kg), iprodione (0,75 kg), procimidone (0,5 kg) e fluazinam (0,5 l). As aplicações foram simuladas com regadores (35.000 l/ha). A primeira aplicação foi feita aos 39 dias após a emergência (DAE); a segunda, 13 dias depois. Nesses mesmos dias, o fluazinam também foi aplicado com pulverizador (667 l/ha) ou com regador (35.000 l/ha) entre as fileiras de feijão e rente ao solo. Este último tratamento teve por objetivo verificar se o fluazinam aplicado apenas no solo tem efeito no controle da doença. Ademais, foi utilizada uma testemunha que não recebeu fungicida. Após a colheita, avaliou-se a incidência do fungo nas sementes. Os fungicidas fluazinam (aplicado com pulverizador ou via água de irrigação sobre as plantas), benomyl e procimidone foram os mais eficientes no controle do mofo-branco e, dentre eles, apenas o procimidone não proporcionou rendimento maior que o da testemunha. O fluazinam aplicado apenas no solo reduziu a incidência da doença e a quantidade de escleródios produzidos. Os rendimentos variaram de 1.406 (testemunha) a 2.054 kg/ha (fluazinam, pulverização). Não houve influência dos tratamentos na incidência do fungo nas sementes, a qual variou de 0,25% (procimidone) a 1,08% (fluazinam aplicado no solo).

The effectiveness of four fungicides applied through irrigation water to control white mould of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was evaluated in Viçosa, MG. The trial was installed on April in a naturally infested field with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The following fungicides and rates of active ingredient per hectare were tested: benomyl (1.0 kg), iprodione (0.75 kg), procymidone (0.5 kg), and fluazinam (0.5 l). Simulating sprinkler irrigation, fungicides were applied with watering-cans over the plants at 39 and 52 days after emergence (DAE) with water volume of 35,000 l/ha. At these two periods, fluazinam was also applied by a backpack sprayer (667 l/ha) or with watering-cans (35,000 l/ha) between the rows and near the soil surface. The last treatment was to verify the fluazinam effect on white mould control when applied on the soil surface. An untreated plot was also included. After harvest, seed transmission of the pathogen was evaluated. Fluazinam (applied either by backpack sprayer or through irrigation water onto plants), benomyl, and procymidone were the most efficient fungicides for white mould control. Among them, only procymidone did not provide yield higher than that of control. Fluazinam applied only on soil reduced white mould incidence and the amount of sclerotia produced. Yields varied from 1,406 kg/ha (control) to 2,054 kg/ha (fluazinam applied by backpack sprayer). There was no effect of treatments on the pathogen seed transmission, which varied from 0.25% (procymidone) to 1.08% (fluazinam applied only on the soil).